Texas A&M University (TAMU) BIOL206 Introductory Microbiology Exam 4 Practice Exam

Selective toxicity is a crucial concept in medicine, particularly in the treatment of infections. It refers to the ability of an antimicrobial agent, such as an antibiotic, to target and kill or inhibit the growth of pathogens without causing harm to the host's own cells. This characteristic is essential for reducing side effects and ensuring that therapeutic interventions are effective while maintaining the overall health of the patient.

By selectively targeting the differences between prokaryotic pathogens and eukaryotic host cells, selective toxicity allows for the destruction of harmful microorganisms without damaging human cells. This distinction is based on various factors, such as differences in cell wall structure, metabolic pathways, and ribosomes, which makes it possible for certain drugs to be effective against bacteria without affecting human cells.

In this way, selective toxicity is not only significant for effective treatment but also plays a vital role in preventing the development of adverse effects that could arise from a non-selective approach to antimicrobial therapy. This is why option C rightly highlights the importance of minimizing harm to host cells while eliminating pathogens in the context of medical treatments.